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esp8266: flash compiled and signed firmware (.bin) – 1

Renzo Mischianti
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An important features that simplify the sharing of firmware (and It is used by the most productor) is to generate pre-compiled binary file with only the sketch part (or filesystem).

esp8266 flash firmware and filesystem binary (.bin) compiled with GUI tools

You can compile and generate source code for your device, but you can also generate a binary file for the filesystem. In this article we will see how to generate the binary firmware and how to sign it.

I usually use these devices WeMos D1 mini - NodeMCU V2 V2.1 V3 - esp01 - esp01 programmer

Add verbose output to Arduino IDE

To better understand all process we are going to enable verbose output on our Arduino IDE. You can find this options on File -> Preferences and check Show verbose output checks.

Arduino IDE enable show verbose ouput

This allows us to take and reuse console commands.

Generate and upload BIN file

So when we upload a sketch to my WeMos D1 mini, this will be the output.

C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\arduino-builder -dump-prefs -logger=machine -hardware C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware -hardware C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages -tools C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\tools-builder -tools C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware\tools\avr -tools C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages -built-in-libraries C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\libraries -libraries C:\Users\renzo\OneDrive\Documenti\Arduino\libraries -fqbn=esp8266:esp8266:d1_mini:xtal=80,vt=flash,exception=legacy,ssl=all,eesz=4M2M,ip=lm2f,dbg=Disabled,lvl=None____,wipe=all,baud=921600 -vid-pid=1A86_7523 -ide-version=10813 -build-path C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351 -warnings=all -build-cache C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_cache_251846 -prefs=build.warn_data_percentage=75 -prefs=runtime.tools.python3.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1 -prefs=runtime.tools.python3-3.7.2-post1.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1 -prefs=runtime.tools.mkspiffs.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mkspiffs\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.mkspiffs-2.5.0-4-b40a506.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mkspiffs\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc-2.5.0-4-b40a506.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.mklittlefs.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mklittlefs\2.5.0-4-fe5bb56 -prefs=runtime.tools.mklittlefs-2.5.0-4-fe5bb56.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mklittlefs\2.5.0-4-fe5bb56 -verbose D:\tmp\sketch_nov17a\Blink\Blink.ino
C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\arduino-builder -compile -logger=machine -hardware C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware -hardware C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages -tools C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\tools-builder -tools C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware\tools\avr -tools C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages -built-in-libraries C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\libraries -libraries C:\Users\renzo\OneDrive\Documenti\Arduino\libraries -fqbn=esp8266:esp8266:d1_mini:xtal=80,vt=flash,exception=legacy,ssl=all,eesz=4M2M,ip=lm2f,dbg=Disabled,lvl=None____,wipe=all,baud=921600 -vid-pid=1A86_7523 -ide-version=10813 -build-path C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351 -warnings=all -build-cache C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_cache_251846 -prefs=build.warn_data_percentage=75 -prefs=runtime.tools.python3.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1 -prefs=runtime.tools.python3-3.7.2-post1.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1 -prefs=runtime.tools.mkspiffs.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mkspiffs\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.mkspiffs-2.5.0-4-b40a506.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mkspiffs\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc-2.5.0-4-b40a506.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.mklittlefs.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mklittlefs\2.5.0-4-fe5bb56 -prefs=runtime.tools.mklittlefs-2.5.0-4-fe5bb56.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mklittlefs\2.5.0-4-fe5bb56 -verbose D:\tmp\sketch_nov17a\Blink\Blink.ino
Using board 'd1_mini' from platform in folder: C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\hardware\esp8266\2.7.4
Using core 'esp8266' from platform in folder: C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\hardware\esp8266\2.7.4
Detecting libraries used...
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-g++" -D__ets__ -DICACHE_FLASH -U__STRICT_ANSI__ "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/lwip2/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/libc/xtensa-lx106-elf/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/core" -c -w -Os -g -mlongcalls -mtext-section-literals -fno-rtti -falign-functions=4 -std=gnu++11 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -fno-exceptions -w -x c++ -E -CC -DNONOSDK22x_190703=1 -DF_CPU=80000000L -DLWIP_OPEN_SRC -DTCP_MSS=536 -DLWIP_FEATURES=1 -DLWIP_IPV6=0 -DARDUINO=10813 -DARDUINO_ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI -DARDUINO_ARCH_ESP8266 "-DARDUINO_BOARD=\"ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI\"" -DFLASHMODE_DIO -DESP8266 "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\cores\\esp8266" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\variants\\d1_mini" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\sketch\\Blink.ino.cpp" -o nul -DARDUINO_LIB_DISCOVERY_PHASE
Generating function prototypes...
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-g++" -D__ets__ -DICACHE_FLASH -U__STRICT_ANSI__ "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/lwip2/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/libc/xtensa-lx106-elf/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/core" -c -w -Os -g -mlongcalls -mtext-section-literals -fno-rtti -falign-functions=4 -std=gnu++11 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -fno-exceptions -w -x c++ -E -CC -DNONOSDK22x_190703=1 -DF_CPU=80000000L -DLWIP_OPEN_SRC -DTCP_MSS=536 -DLWIP_FEATURES=1 -DLWIP_IPV6=0 -DARDUINO=10813 -DARDUINO_ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI -DARDUINO_ARCH_ESP8266 "-DARDUINO_BOARD=\"ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI\"" -DFLASHMODE_DIO -DESP8266 "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\cores\\esp8266" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\variants\\d1_mini" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\sketch\\Blink.ino.cpp" -o "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\preproc\\ctags_target_for_gcc_minus_e.cpp" -DARDUINO_LIB_DISCOVERY_PHASE
"C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Arduino\\tools-builder\\ctags\\5.8-arduino11/ctags" -u --language-force=c++ -f - --c++-kinds=svpf --fields=KSTtzns --line-directives "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\preproc\\ctags_target_for_gcc_minus_e.cpp"
Compiling sketch...
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\python3\\3.7.2-post1/python3" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/signing.py" --mode header --publickey "D:\\tmp\\sketch_nov17a\\Blink/public.key" --out "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/core/Updater_Signing.h"
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-g++" -D__ets__ -DICACHE_FLASH -U__STRICT_ANSI__ "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/lwip2/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/libc/xtensa-lx106-elf/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/core" -c -Wall -Wextra -Os -g -mlongcalls -mtext-section-literals -fno-rtti -falign-functions=4 -std=gnu++11 -MMD -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -fno-exceptions -DNONOSDK22x_190703=1 -DF_CPU=80000000L -DLWIP_OPEN_SRC -DTCP_MSS=536 -DLWIP_FEATURES=1 -DLWIP_IPV6=0 -DARDUINO=10813 -DARDUINO_ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI -DARDUINO_ARCH_ESP8266 "-DARDUINO_BOARD=\"ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI\"" -DFLASHMODE_DIO -DESP8266 "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\cores\\esp8266" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\variants\\d1_mini" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\sketch\\Blink.ino.cpp" -o "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\sketch\\Blink.ino.cpp.o"
Compiling libraries...
Compiling core...
Using precompiled core: C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_cache_251846\core\core_30630af74b8550042c50502f76f7e7b7.a
Linking everything together...
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc" -CC -E -P -DVTABLES_IN_FLASH "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/ld/eagle.app.v6.common.ld.h" -o "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/local.eagle.app.v6.common.ld"
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc" -fno-exceptions -Wl,-Map "-Wl,C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.map" -g -Wall -Wextra -Os -nostdlib -Wl,--no-check-sections -u app_entry -u _printf_float -u _scanf_float -Wl,-static "-LC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/lib" "-LC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/lib/NONOSDK22x_190703" "-LC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/ld" "-LC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/libc/xtensa-lx106-elf/lib" -Teagle.flash.4m2m.ld -Wl,--gc-sections -Wl,-wrap,system_restart_local -Wl,-wrap,spi_flash_read -o "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.elf" -Wl,--start-group "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\sketch\\Blink.ino.cpp.o" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_cache_251846\\core\\core_30630af74b8550042c50502f76f7e7b7.a" -lhal -lphy -lpp -lnet80211 -llwip2-536-feat -lwpa -lcrypto -lmain -lwps -lbearssl -laxtls -lespnow -lsmartconfig -lairkiss -lwpa2 -lstdc++ -lm -lc -lgcc -Wl,--end-group "-LC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351"
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\python3\\3.7.2-post1/python3" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/elf2bin.py" --eboot "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/bootloaders/eboot/eboot.elf" --app "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.elf" --flash_mode dio --flash_freq 40 --flash_size 4M --path "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin" --out "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin"
Creating BIN file "C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin" using "C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\hardware\esp8266\2.7.4/bootloaders/eboot/eboot.elf" and "C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.elf"
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\python3\\3.7.2-post1/python3" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/signing.py" --mode sign --privatekey "D:\\tmp\\sketch_nov17a\\Blink/private.key" --bin "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin" --out "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin.signed" --legacy "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin.legacy_sig"
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\python3\\3.7.2-post1/python3" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sizes.py" --elf "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.elf" --path "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin"
Executable segment sizes:
IROM   : 228624          - code in flash         (default or ICACHE_FLASH_ATTR) 
IRAM   : 26756   / 32768 - code in IRAM          (ICACHE_RAM_ATTR, ISRs...) 
DATA   : 1248  )         - initialized variables (global, static) in RAM/HEAP 
RODATA : 688   ) / 81920 - constants             (global, static) in RAM/HEAP 
BSS    : 24880 )         - zeroed variables      (global, static) in RAM/HEAP 
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-size" -A "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.elf"
Sketch uses 257316 bytes (24%) of program storage space. Maximum is 1044464 bytes.
Global variables use 26816 bytes (32%) of dynamic memory, leaving 55104 bytes for local variables. Maximum is 81920 bytes.
C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1/python3 C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\hardware\esp8266\2.7.4/tools/upload.py --chip esp8266 --port COM17 --baud 921600 erase_flash --before default_reset --after hard_reset write_flash 0x0 C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin 
esptool.py v2.8
Serial port COM17
Connecting....
Chip is ESP8266EX
Features: WiFi
Crystal is 26MHz
MAC: 50:02:91:74:fe:11
Uploading stub...
Running stub...
Stub running...
Changing baud rate to 460800
Changed.
Configuring flash size...
Auto-detected Flash size: 4MB
Erasing flash (this may take a while)...
Chip erase completed successfully in 9.8s
Compressed 261472 bytes to 193134...
Wrote 261472 bytes (193134 compressed) at 0x00000000 in 4.6 seconds (effective 453.5 kbit/s)...
Hash of data verified.

Leaving...
Hard resetting via RTS pin...

Now we must analyze the command, this is made with the option Erase All Flash.

C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1/python3 C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\hardware\esp8266\2.7.4/tools/upload.py --chip esp8266 --port COM17 --baud 921600 erase_flash --before default_reset --after hard_reset write_flash 0x0 C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin

First we look that the core component of esp8266 core need python installed, and when install It remember to add to path (for windows)

ESP Tools Install Python and add It to path

upload.py or esptool.py

In your installation of Arduino IDE you can find upload.py file that is the same of esptool.py.

You can install esptool.py for python with a simple command

pip install esptool

or you can download from here the compiled version, remember to add the executable to path.

Then if you launch esptool on your cmd you have this information

D:\Projects\Arduino\sloeber-workspace-OTA\keys>esptool
esptool.py v3.1
usage: esptool [-h]
               [--chip {auto,esp8266,esp32,esp32s2,esp32s3beta2,esp32s3beta3,esp32c3,esp32c6beta}]
               [--port PORT] [--baud BAUD]
               [--before {default_reset,usb_reset,no_reset,no_reset_no_sync}]
               [--after {hard_reset,soft_reset,no_reset,no_reset_stub}]
               [--no-stub] [--trace] [--override-vddsdio [{1.8V,1.9V,OFF}]]
               [--connect-attempts CONNECT_ATTEMPTS]
               {load_ram,dump_mem,read_mem,write_mem,write_flash,run,image_info,make_image,elf2image,read_mac,chip_id,flash_id,read_flash_status,write_flash_status,read_flash,verify_flash,erase_flash,erase_region,merge_bin,version,get_security_info}
               ...

esptool.py v3.1 - ESP8266 ROM Bootloader Utility

positional arguments:
  {load_ram,dump_mem,read_mem,write_mem,write_flash,run,image_info,make_image,elf2image,read_mac,chip_id,flash_id,read_flash_status,write_flash_status,read_flash,verify_flash,erase_flash,erase_region,merge_bin,version,get_security_info}
                        Run esptool {command} -h for additional help
    load_ram            Download an image to RAM and execute
    dump_mem            Dump arbitrary memory to disk
    read_mem            Read arbitrary memory location
    write_mem           Read-modify-write to arbitrary memory location
    write_flash         Write a binary blob to flash
    run                 Run application code in flash
    image_info          Dump headers from an application image
    make_image          Create an application image from binary files
    elf2image           Create an application image from ELF file
    read_mac            Read MAC address from OTP ROM
    chip_id             Read Chip ID from OTP ROM
    flash_id            Read SPI flash manufacturer and device ID
    read_flash_status   Read SPI flash status register
    write_flash_status  Write SPI flash status register
    read_flash          Read SPI flash content
    verify_flash        Verify a binary blob against flash
    erase_flash         Perform Chip Erase on SPI flash
    erase_region        Erase a region of the flash
    merge_bin           Merge multiple raw binary files into a single file for
                        later flashing
    version             Print esptool version
    get_security_info   Get some security-related data

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  --chip {auto,esp8266,esp32,esp32s2,esp32s3beta2,esp32s3beta3,esp32c3,esp32c6beta}, -c {auto,esp8266,esp32,esp32s2,esp32s3beta2,esp32s3beta3,esp32c3,esp32c6beta}
                        Target chip type
  --port PORT, -p PORT  Serial port device
  --baud BAUD, -b BAUD  Serial port baud rate used when flashing/reading
  --before {default_reset,usb_reset,no_reset,no_reset_no_sync}
                        What to do before connecting to the chip
  --after {hard_reset,soft_reset,no_reset,no_reset_stub}, -a {hard_reset,soft_reset,no_reset,no_reset_stub}
                        What to do after esptool.py is finished
  --no-stub             Disable launching the flasher stub, only talk to ROM
                        bootloader. Some features will not be available.
  --trace, -t           Enable trace-level output of esptool.py interactions.
  --override-vddsdio [{1.8V,1.9V,OFF}]
                        Override ESP32 VDDSDIO internal voltage regulator (use
                        with care)
  --connect-attempts CONNECT_ATTEMPTS
                        Number of attempts to connect, negative or 0 for
                        infinite. Default: 7.

Command line parameters

Now we can better understand the parameter of the command with the Erase All Flash Content parameter:

If we select the parameter Erase Sketch and WiFi Settings the command generated become:

C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1/python3 C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\hardware\esp8266\2.7.4/tools/upload.py --chip esp8266 --port COM17 --baud 921600 erase_region 0x3FC000 0x4000 --before default_reset --after hard_reset write_flash 0x0 C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin

and now we have new parameter:

if we are going to select Only Sketch the command become more simple:

C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1/python3 C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\hardware\esp8266\2.7.4/tools/upload.py --chip esp8266 --port COM17 --baud 921600 --before default_reset --after hard_reset write_flash 0x0 C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin

Generate binary file only

As for Arduino HEX files, we can generate only the binary file, first open your source code on your Arduino IDE, compile It to check errors and than select Sketch -> Export compiled Binary,

esp8266 esp32 Arduino Export compiled binary IDE menu

then by click on Sketch -> Show Sketch Folder you can look what happened.

We find a new file Blink.ino.d1_mini.bin that are our compiled binary file, that can be used for OTA update or to share precompiled firmware to simplify the flash process for other peoples.

Generate a signed binary for secure OTA updates

When you share your hardware you can have the need that no other go to manipulate your device, to do this you can generate signed binary file that use the public-key cryptography to avoid any manipulation.

Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is a cryptographic system that uses pairs of keys: Each pair consists of a public key (which may be known to others) and a private key (which may not be known by anyone except the owner). The generation of such key pairs depends on cryptographic algorithms which are based on mathematical problems termed one-way functions. Effective security requires keeping the private key private; the public key can be openly distributed without compromising security. (cit.)

Generate public and private key

To do that you must generate 2 key: private and public, and you need a program like openssl, you can download linux version from all packet manager, or download for windows from here, to use It with more simplicity add to bin pah.

Now we can generate private key

openssl genrsa -out private.key 2048

And the relative public key 

openssl rsa -in private.key -outform PEM -pubout -out public.key

Now if we copy private.key and public.key in the sketch folder and re-execute Sketch -> Export Compiled Binary you find in the console this output:

C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\arduino-builder -dump-prefs -logger=machine -hardware C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware -hardware C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages -tools C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\tools-builder -tools C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware\tools\avr -tools C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages -built-in-libraries C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\libraries -libraries C:\Users\renzo\OneDrive\Documenti\Arduino\libraries -fqbn=esp8266:esp8266:d1_mini:xtal=80,vt=flash,exception=legacy,ssl=all,eesz=4M2M,ip=lm2f,dbg=Disabled,lvl=None____,wipe=sdk,baud=921600 -ide-version=10813 -build-path C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351 -warnings=all -build-cache C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_cache_251846 -prefs=build.warn_data_percentage=75 -prefs=runtime.tools.python3.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1 -prefs=runtime.tools.python3-3.7.2-post1.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1 -prefs=runtime.tools.mkspiffs.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mkspiffs\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.mkspiffs-2.5.0-4-b40a506.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mkspiffs\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc-2.5.0-4-b40a506.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.mklittlefs.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mklittlefs\2.5.0-4-fe5bb56 -prefs=runtime.tools.mklittlefs-2.5.0-4-fe5bb56.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mklittlefs\2.5.0-4-fe5bb56 -verbose D:\tmp\sketch_nov17a\Blink\Blink.ino
C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\arduino-builder -compile -logger=machine -hardware C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware -hardware C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages -tools C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\tools-builder -tools C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware\tools\avr -tools C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages -built-in-libraries C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\libraries -libraries C:\Users\renzo\OneDrive\Documenti\Arduino\libraries -fqbn=esp8266:esp8266:d1_mini:xtal=80,vt=flash,exception=legacy,ssl=all,eesz=4M2M,ip=lm2f,dbg=Disabled,lvl=None____,wipe=sdk,baud=921600 -ide-version=10813 -build-path C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351 -warnings=all -build-cache C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_cache_251846 -prefs=build.warn_data_percentage=75 -prefs=runtime.tools.python3.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1 -prefs=runtime.tools.python3-3.7.2-post1.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\python3\3.7.2-post1 -prefs=runtime.tools.mkspiffs.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mkspiffs\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.mkspiffs-2.5.0-4-b40a506.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mkspiffs\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc-2.5.0-4-b40a506.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\2.5.0-4-b40a506 -prefs=runtime.tools.mklittlefs.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mklittlefs\2.5.0-4-fe5bb56 -prefs=runtime.tools.mklittlefs-2.5.0-4-fe5bb56.path=C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\tools\mklittlefs\2.5.0-4-fe5bb56 -verbose D:\tmp\sketch_nov17a\Blink\Blink.ino
Using board 'd1_mini' from platform in folder: C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\hardware\esp8266\2.7.4
Using core 'esp8266' from platform in folder: C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\hardware\esp8266\2.7.4
Detecting libraries used...
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-g++" -D__ets__ -DICACHE_FLASH -U__STRICT_ANSI__ "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/lwip2/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/libc/xtensa-lx106-elf/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/core" -c -w -Os -g -mlongcalls -mtext-section-literals -fno-rtti -falign-functions=4 -std=gnu++11 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -fno-exceptions -w -x c++ -E -CC -DNONOSDK22x_190703=1 -DF_CPU=80000000L -DLWIP_OPEN_SRC -DTCP_MSS=536 -DLWIP_FEATURES=1 -DLWIP_IPV6=0 -DARDUINO=10813 -DARDUINO_ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI -DARDUINO_ARCH_ESP8266 "-DARDUINO_BOARD=\"ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI\"" -DFLASHMODE_DIO -DESP8266 "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\cores\\esp8266" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\variants\\d1_mini" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\sketch\\Blink.ino.cpp" -o nul -DARDUINO_LIB_DISCOVERY_PHASE
Generating function prototypes...
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-g++" -D__ets__ -DICACHE_FLASH -U__STRICT_ANSI__ "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/lwip2/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/libc/xtensa-lx106-elf/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/core" -c -w -Os -g -mlongcalls -mtext-section-literals -fno-rtti -falign-functions=4 -std=gnu++11 -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -fno-exceptions -w -x c++ -E -CC -DNONOSDK22x_190703=1 -DF_CPU=80000000L -DLWIP_OPEN_SRC -DTCP_MSS=536 -DLWIP_FEATURES=1 -DLWIP_IPV6=0 -DARDUINO=10813 -DARDUINO_ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI -DARDUINO_ARCH_ESP8266 "-DARDUINO_BOARD=\"ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI\"" -DFLASHMODE_DIO -DESP8266 "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\cores\\esp8266" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\variants\\d1_mini" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\sketch\\Blink.ino.cpp" -o "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\preproc\\ctags_target_for_gcc_minus_e.cpp" -DARDUINO_LIB_DISCOVERY_PHASE
"C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Arduino\\tools-builder\\ctags\\5.8-arduino11/ctags" -u --language-force=c++ -f - --c++-kinds=svpf --fields=KSTtzns --line-directives "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\preproc\\ctags_target_for_gcc_minus_e.cpp"
Compiling sketch...
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\python3\\3.7.2-post1/python3" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/signing.py" --mode header --publickey "D:\\tmp\\sketch_nov17a\\Blink/public.key" --out "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/core/Updater_Signing.h"
Enabling binary signing
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-g++" -D__ets__ -DICACHE_FLASH -U__STRICT_ANSI__ "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/lwip2/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/libc/xtensa-lx106-elf/include" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/core" -c -Wall -Wextra -Os -g -mlongcalls -mtext-section-literals -fno-rtti -falign-functions=4 -std=gnu++11 -MMD -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections -fno-exceptions -DNONOSDK22x_190703=1 -DF_CPU=80000000L -DLWIP_OPEN_SRC -DTCP_MSS=536 -DLWIP_FEATURES=1 -DLWIP_IPV6=0 -DARDUINO=10813 -DARDUINO_ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI -DARDUINO_ARCH_ESP8266 "-DARDUINO_BOARD=\"ESP8266_WEMOS_D1MINI\"" -DFLASHMODE_DIO -DESP8266 "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\cores\\esp8266" "-IC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4\\variants\\d1_mini" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\sketch\\Blink.ino.cpp" -o "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\sketch\\Blink.ino.cpp.o"
Compiling libraries...
Compiling core...
Using precompiled core: C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_cache_251846\core\core_07d6d8ee82de41ce24568b0e46869ffd.a
Linking everything together...
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc" -CC -E -P -DVTABLES_IN_FLASH "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/ld/eagle.app.v6.common.ld.h" -o "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/local.eagle.app.v6.common.ld"
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc" -fno-exceptions -Wl,-Map "-Wl,C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.map" -g -Wall -Wextra -Os -nostdlib -Wl,--no-check-sections -u app_entry -u _printf_float -u _scanf_float -Wl,-static "-LC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/lib" "-LC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/lib/NONOSDK22x_190703" "-LC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/ld" "-LC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sdk/libc/xtensa-lx106-elf/lib" -Teagle.flash.4m2m.ld -Wl,--gc-sections -Wl,-wrap,system_restart_local -Wl,-wrap,spi_flash_read -o "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.elf" -Wl,--start-group "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351\\sketch\\Blink.ino.cpp.o" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_cache_251846\\core\\core_07d6d8ee82de41ce24568b0e46869ffd.a" -lhal -lphy -lpp -lnet80211 -llwip2-536-feat -lwpa -lcrypto -lmain -lwps -lbearssl -laxtls -lespnow -lsmartconfig -lairkiss -lwpa2 -lstdc++ -lm -lc -lgcc -Wl,--end-group "-LC:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351"
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\python3\\3.7.2-post1/python3" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/elf2bin.py" --eboot "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/bootloaders/eboot/eboot.elf" --app "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.elf" --flash_mode dio --flash_freq 40 --flash_size 4M --path "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin" --out "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin"
Creating BIN file "C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin" using "C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\esp8266\hardware\esp8266\2.7.4/bootloaders/eboot/eboot.elf" and "C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.elf"
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\python3\\3.7.2-post1/python3" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/signing.py" --mode sign --privatekey "D:\\tmp\\sketch_nov17a\\Blink/private.key" --bin "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin" --out "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin.signed" --legacy "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin.legacy_sig"
Signed binary: C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin.signed
Legacy signed binary: C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin.legacy_sig
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\python3\\3.7.2-post1/python3" "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\hardware\\esp8266\\2.7.4/tools/sizes.py" --elf "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.elf" --path "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin"
Executable segment sizes:
IROM   : 228624          - code in flash         (default or ICACHE_FLASH_ATTR) 
IRAM   : 26756   / 32768 - code in IRAM          (ICACHE_RAM_ATTR, ISRs...) 
DATA   : 1248  )         - initialized variables (global, static) in RAM/HEAP 
RODATA : 688   ) / 81920 - constants             (global, static) in RAM/HEAP 
BSS    : 24880 )         - zeroed variables      (global, static) in RAM/HEAP 
"C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Arduino15\\packages\\esp8266\\tools\\xtensa-lx106-elf-gcc\\2.5.0-4-b40a506/bin/xtensa-lx106-elf-size" -A "C:\\Users\\renzo\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.elf"
Sketch uses 257316 bytes (24%) of program storage space. Maximum is 1044464 bytes.
Global variables use 26816 bytes (32%) of dynamic memory, leaving 55104 bytes for local variables. Maximum is 81920 bytes.

The line Enabling binary signing tells you that binary signing is enabled, and so you can go to search the 2 line with the path of signed binary:

Signed binary: C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin.signed
Legacy signed binary: C:\Users\renzo\AppData\Local\Temp\arduino_build_887351/Blink.ino.bin.legacy_sig

We will explain better how to use these file types later when we talk about OTA updates and the various types of security you can apply.

Thanks

  1. Firmware management
    1. esp8266: flash firmware binary (.bin) compiled and signed
    2. esp8266: flash firmware and filesystem binary (.bin) compiled with GUI tools
  2. OTA update with Arduino IDE
    1. esp8266 OTA update with Arduino IDE: filesystem, signed and password
  3. OTA update with Web Browser
    1. esp8266 OTA update with Web Browser: firmware, filesystem and authentication
    2. esp8266 OTA update with Web Browser: sign the firmware and HTTPS (SSL/TLS)
    3. esp8266 OTA update with Web Browser: custom web interface
  4. Self OTA uptate from HTTP server
    1. esp8266 self OTA update firmware from server
    2. esp8266 self OTA update firmware from server with version check
    3. esp8266 self OTA update in HTTPS (SSL/TLS) with trusted self signed certificate
  5. Non standard Firmware update
    1. esp8266 firmware and filesystem update from SD card
    1. esp8266 firmware and filesystem update with FTP client

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